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Axial length measurement in myopia management - how often and how much change is normal?

Posted on August 21st 2020 by Connie Gan

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Axial length change is related to refraction and ethnicity, and can be used to gauge myopia progression. We explain axial length further.

How frequently should we measure axial length in myopia management practice, and how should it best direct our treatment strategy? Colleagues raised questions about this in the Myopia Profile Facebook group (link) - here we discuss how axial length change is related to refraction and ethnicity, and how to determine whether an axial length change is normal due to emmetropization or indicating myopia progression.

NB When monitoring for myopia control, what is the frequency we should be repeating axial length measurements?PP What amount of change in axial length would have to occur to be classed as enough for a change in strategy (need to add or change concentration of atropine, change ortho-k configuration, etc.? It's been mentioned before, but a change of how much in axial length generally shows up as what diopter change? Studies to support your answers?

How frequently should we measure axial length?

DS My view is that you should be performing them at the appropriate interval that you predict that there should be a clinically significant refractive shift. That is, you would be performing the axial length measurements to confirm whether the myopia has progressed in that time interval. If you are intending to do prospective or post hoc mathematical analyses it may be easier to stick to a consistent interval.KG Or in other words... do it whenever you see them! 😋NB Given that with atropine there may be little predicted change in refraction, but could easily be change in axial length beyond the normal age related increase, would you be thinking more towards 12 months or more 6 months for those scans? I'm wanting to avoid overscanning and underscanning in equal measure...DS I’m not sure that atropine will halt refractive change, it is still slowing only. I think every six months would be reasonable. Now the next question is how do you remove the effect of normal axial development of the eye?JL …we have been following a six monthly protocol. Failing that yearly, due to non-attendances. You will see length change without refractive change. BT …we are looking at 6 months now. Seems a sensible time frame to us.KG we usually see our myopes every 6 months, so scan them every 6 months. If I’m more concerned about fast progression and are seeing them more often, I scan more often. There’s no eye health risk from non-contact methods, so I wouldn’t see any risk of ‘overscanning’ unless it’s a billing / financial concern…

Most commenters suggest monitoring myopic patients every 6 months or to see them more often if the patient is a faster progressor.

There were also discussions about how to determine the normal, expected amount of axial length change in children due to emmetropization, and separating this normal growth from myopia progression growth.

TA I find it easiest to explain the meaning of axial length changes in myopia control when there is either no change or slight reductions… When there are increases, then I do wonder whether all axial growth in a progressing myope is myopic growth or whether it is legitimate or appropriate to apply a normal emmetropic growth factor. The formula I have been using lately is from one of Karla's papers (See reference: Jones et al) on biometric changes in emmetropic children: =20.189 mm +(1.258*LN(age)), just plug into Excel... This formula also makes it easy to compare observed elongation rates in a progressive myope, controlled or not, to the elongation rate expected for an emmetropic child at the same age…DS I think that approach is along the right line. I think that we need to develop a whole of eye biometric approach similar to those used in intraocular lens power calculations. Axial length in isolation also doesn’t account for crystalline lens and keratometric changes with maturation.

Jones et al also shows that the corneal curvature of myopes tends to stay stable whilst emmetropes’ flatten over time. An emmetropes’ cornea flattens while axial length increases, maintaining a balance in emmetropia. Meanwhile, a myope’s cornea does not change in curvature with axial length change, leading to an increase in myopic refractive error. It’s not all about the cornea, though – the crystalline lens likely plays a bigger role in the loss of balance in refractive components that occurs in myopia development. Mutti and colleagues2 found that in children who became myopic, before onset the crystalline lens underwent similar thinning, flattening and loss of power to children who stayed emmetropic. Within a year of myopia onset, though, the crystalline lens stopped these compensatory changes  which continue in emmetropes throughout normal childhood axial elongation. Also, it is important to remember that some component of childhood axial length increases are not indicative of myopia progression, and are in fact normal.

If you wish to compare  the patient’s axial length change to the expected axial length change of an emmetrope, this is possible using a formula derived from the growth curve of emmetrope as TA suggested.This will allow a practitioner to differentiate abnormal axial length change related to myopia from normal physiological axial length growth. This model only applies to children less than 10.5 years old. A different model applies to those more than 10.5 years old: =21.353 + 0.759 x ln(age). See reference 1 below for more info.

PC Every 1mm in axial length difference correlates to around 3.00D. So 0.33mm AL increase is 1D change. Some normal physiological growth is expected though.

As described in Six questions on axial length in myopia management the refraction-to-axial-length ratio is variable across age groups, studies and the range of both measurements so isn’t so easy to simply define. A big part of the complexity is due to the variability in measurement of both refraction and axial length. Here are two exampes from multifocal contact lens myopia control studies. In the MiSight three year study,3 the 1mm = 2.40D in both their treatment and control groups. In the newly published BLINK study,4 1mm = 1.4 to 1.6D across the treatment and control groups. This is despite similar age ranges, ethnicities and methologies in both studies. The simple answer? We’re still learning.

The table below shows the percentiles of axial elongation European and Chinese children reported by Diez PS et al and Tideman JW et al.5,6 This shows that children of Chinese descent have longer axial lengths than those of European descent.

 PercentileFemaleMale
EuropeanChineseEuropeanChinese
6 years2521.6622.0322.1422.55
5022.0622.5422.5922.99
7522.4923.0423.0123.50
9 years2522.3323.1622.8323.70
5022.7923.7223.3124.32
7523.2524.3123.7924.89
15 years2522.6823.8323.1724.39
5023.1524.3723.6525.01
7523.6525.2024.2125.80

 

How much change in axial length is required for a change in myopia control strategy?

There is no definite value suggested for one to change the strategy. Given the variability in axial length change based on age and ethnicity, the best approach is to change strategy if the current one does not sufficiently reduce myopia progression. This can be gauged when progression is higher than that expected as reported in the literature.

Axial length progression can be gauged using the percentile charts above - a child who jumps to a higher percentile over time is likely demonstrating accelerated growth.

To use another example from the literature, the COMET progressive addition spectacle lens trial analysed a variety of factors for their influence on myopia progression and found the strongest relationship was with baseline age. The progressive addition lens (PAL) intervention showed only a small treatment effect over three years. Axial length elongation by age was evaluated in an ethnically diverse group (46% White, 26% African American, 15% Hispanic, 8% Asian, 5% Mixed).7

Firstly, annual increases in overall axial length were 0.28 mm (± 0.01) between baseline and 1-year visit (at which time the children were 10.3 years on average); 0.21 mm (± 0.008) between 1 and 2 years (by age 11.3 years) and 0.17 mm (± 0.01) between 2 and 3 years (by age 12.3 years), reflecting the slowing in eye growth over time.

Secondly, when results were pooled for all children (treatment PAL and control SV spectacle groups), unadjusted axial elongation over three years was:

  • 1.08mm in children who were 6-7 years old at baseline
  • 0.82mm in 8 year olds
  • 0.68mm in 9 year olds
  • 0.57mm in 10 year olds
  • 0.45mm in 11 year olds.

To determine if a treatment strategy is working as expected, one would compare the axial elongation likely in a single vision corrected myopic child - as provided above - to the expected percentage reduction with the strategy. For more help on understanding efficacy you can read this blog, and also get more help on gauging success in this blog.

Take home messages:

  1. To monitor axial length change, the general consensus suggests 6-monthly measurements or more frequently in rapid progressors.
  2. We can monitor axial length change by comparing to the normative value expected for the patient’s age. If your patient’s result falls outside of normal limits, then it is worthwhile considering a more comprehensive myopia control strategy.
  3. Chinese children tend to have longer axial lengths and experience faster axial elongation than European children, even in normal emmetropic eye growth.
  4. The rate of axial elongation varies in different age groups, with younger children increasing the fastest.
  5. Using axial length as a gauge of myopia management success is still a little difficult, but models exist as shown above. More research findings and development of growth charts for larger populations including a variety of ethnicities will help to answer this question.

Further reading:


Meet the Authors:

About Connie Gan

Connie is a clinical optometrist from Kedah, Malaysia, who provides comprehensive vision care for children and runs the myopia management service in her clinical practice.

Read Connie's work in many of the case studies published on MyopiaProfile.com. Connie also manages our Myopia Profile and My Kids Vision Instagram and My Kids Vision Facebook platforms.

About Kimberley Ngu

Kimberley is a clinical optometrist from Perth, Australia, with experience in patient education programs, having practiced in both Australia and Singapore.

Read Kimberley's work in many of the case studies published on MyopiaProfile.com. Kimberley also manages our Myopia Profile and My Kids Vision Instagram and My Kids Vision Facebook platforms.


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